Hence, one requires an extremely rigid table which neither moves nor flexes, even under changing loads or vibrations. Even small vibrations or strain in the table on which the elements are set up might lead to complete failure of an experiment. In optical systems, especially those involving interferometry, the alignment of each component must be extremely accurate-precise down to a fraction of a wavelength-usually a few hundred nanometers. These are used in teaching and in research and development, and are also sometimes used to support permanently aligned optical systems in finished devices such as lasers. Optical breadboards, benches, and rails are simpler structures that perform a similar function to optical tables. The surface of an optical table is typically stainless steel with a rectangular grid of tapped holes in either metric or imperial units: Many use pneumatic isolators that act as mechanical low-pass filters, reducing the ability of vibrations in the floor to cause vibrations in the tabletop. As a result, optical tables are typically very heavy and incorporate vibration isolation and damping features in their structure.
Many optical systems require that vibration of optical elements be kept small. The surfaces of these tables are designed to be very rigid with minimum deflection so that the alignment of optical elements remains stable over time. An optical table is a vibration control platform that is used to support systems used for laser- and optics-related experiments, engineering and manufacturing.
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